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Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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2. Bekelman JE, Li Y, Gross GP. Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research. A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2003;289:454-465.
3. Moses H, III, Dorsey ER, Matheson DHM, Thier SO. Financial Anatomy of Biomedical Research. JAMA. September 21, 2005;294(11):1333-1342.
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5. Rosenthal M. Direct-to-Consumer Marketing. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(25):2010-2013.
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57. Rhoades J. 2003 Mother/Newborn Expenditures.: Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends (CFACT). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ); October 30, 2005. Rockville, MD.
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Chapter 4
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40. Kennedy ET, Bowman SA, Spence JT, Freedman M, King J. Popular diets: correlation to health, nutrition, and obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(4):411-420.
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42. Wyatt HR, Grunwald GK, Mosca CL, Klem ML, Wing RR, Hill JO. Long-term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obes Res. 2002;10(2):78-82.
43. Klem ML, Wing RR, McGuire MT, Seagle HM, Hill JO. Psychological symptoms in individuals successful at long-term maintenance of a weight loss. Health Psych. 1998;17(4):336-345.
44. McGuire MT, Wing RR, Klem ML, Seagle HM, Hill JO. Long-term maintenance of weight loss: do people who lose weight through various weight loss methods use different behaviors to maintain weight? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:572-577.
45. Shick SM, Wing RR, Klem ML, McGuire MT, Hill JO, Seagle HM. Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:408-413.
46. Klem ML, Wing RR, McGuire MT, Seagle HM, Hill JO. A descriptive study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of substantial weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:239-246.
47. Wing RR, Hill JO. Annu Rev Nutr. Successful weight loss maintenance. 2001;21:323-341.
48. Dunn J. Restaurant Chains, Too, Watch Their Carbs. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/04/business/yourmoney/04carb.html?pagewanted=all&position=. January 4, 2004.
49. Zernike K, Burros M. Low-Carb Boom Isn't Just for Dieters Anymore. New York times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/19/health/19CARB.html?hp=&pagewanted=all&position=. February 19, 2004.
50. Mayers D. Diabetes Diet War. U.S. News and World Report.
51. Viles P. Atkins Nutritionals filed for bankruptcy a year after the peak of the low-carb diet craze. CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2005/08/01/news/midcaps/atkins.reut/index.htm. August 2, 2005.
52. Retsinas G. The Marketing of a Superbaby Formula. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/01/business/yourmoney/01BABY.html?pagewanted=all&position=. June 1, 2003.
53. Weintraub M, Sudaresan PR, Madan M. Long-term weight control study. I (weeks 0 - 34) The enhancement of behavior modification, caloric restriction, and exercise by phentermine and fenfluramine versus placebo. Clinical Pharmacol. Ther. 1992;51:586-594.
54. Weintraub M, Sudaresan PR, Madan M. Long-term weight control study. I (weeks 156 -190) The enhancement of behavior modification, caloric restriction, and exercise by phentermine and fenfluramine versus placebo. Clinical Pharmacol. Ther. 1992;51:608-614.
55. SoRelle R. Diet drug maker agrees to $3.75 billion settlement. Circulation. 1999;100(25):e133-134.
56. Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Information Page. FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Accessed April 18, 2003.
57. Horwitz RI, Brass LM, Kernan WN, Viscoli CM. Phenylpropanolamine & risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The Hemorrhagic Stroke Project. May 10, 2000. Accessed April 18, 2003.
58. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, et al. Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(25):1826-1832.
59. FDA Oncology Tools Approval Summary for docetaxel for For locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer after failure of prior platinum-based chemotherapy. U.S. Food and Drug Administration • Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/onctools/summary.cfm?ID=143. Accessed May 9, 2003.
60. FDA Approves Sibutramine to Treat Obesity. At a dose of 15 mg, the average weight loss, beyond placebo, was only 10 1/2 pounds. FDA Talk Paper. November 24, 1997.
61. Wolfe SM, Sasich LD, Barbehenn E. Petition to FDA to ban the diet drug sibutramine (MERIDIA) (HRG Publication #1613). Public Citizen Health Research Group. March 19, 2002. Accessed April 19, 2003.
62. Harris G. F.D.A. Failing in Drug Safety, Official Asserts. New York Times. November 19, 2004.
63. Petersen M. Court Papers Suggest Scale of Drug's Use. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/30/business/30DRUG.html?pagewanted=all&position=. May 30, 2003.
64. O'Meara S, Riemsma R, Shirran L, Mather L, ter Riet G. A rapid and systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of orlistat in the management of obesity. Health Technol Assess. 2001;5(18):1-81.
65. Saul S. First Over-Counter Diet Drug Passes Hurdle. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/07/health/07cnd-diet.html?hp&ex=1144468800&en=6648f1f66c5c5331&ei=5094&partner=homepage. April 7, 2006.
66. Breitstein J. Spending Hits A Wall. Pharmaceutical Executive. 2002;http://www.imshealth.com/vgn/images/portal/cit_40000873/40054155RHMod-PressRoom-Spending%20Hits%20Wall-Sept2002.pdf.
67. Topamax (topriamate) Product Information. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research http://www.fda.gov/cder/approval/index.htm. Accessed April 15, 2003.
68. Listing of Drug Product Information by Retail Sales. myOrangeBook.com. http://www.myorangebook.com/subs/Sales/2001.php. Accessed April 13, 2003.
69. Gadde KM, Franciscy DM, Wagner I, H. Ryan K. , Krishnan RR. Zonisamide for Weight Loss in Obese Adults - A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2003;289(14):1820-1825.
70. Fessenden F. Studies of Dietary Supplements Come Under Growing Scrutiny. New York Times. June 23, 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/23/national/23DIET.html?pagewanted=all&position=.
71. Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. Proceedings of a National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. March 25-27, 1991, Bethesda, MD. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(2 (Suppl)):487S-619S.
72. Grady D. Operation for Obesity Leaves Some in Misery. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/04/health/nutrition/04FAT.html?pagewanted=all&position=. May 4, 2004.
73. Rationale for the Surgical Treatment of Morbid Obesity. The American Society for Bariatric Surgery (ASBS). http://www.asbs.org./html/rationale/rationale.html. 11/29/2001. Available at: http://www.asbs.org./html/rationale/rationale.html.
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75. Dixon JB, Chapman L, O'Brien PO. Marked improvement in asthma after Lap-Band surgery for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 1999;9:385-389.
76. Charuzi I, Lavie P, Peiser J, Peled R. Bariatric surgery in morbidly obese sleep-apnea patients: short- and long-term follow-up. Am J Clin Nutr,. 1992;55(2 Suppl):594S-S596S.
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82. Rand CS, Macgregor AM. Adolescents having obesity surgery: a 6-year follow-up. South Med J. 1994;87(12):1208-1213.
83. Macgregor AM, Rand CS. Gastric surgery in morbid obesity. Outcome in patients aged 55 years and older. Arch Surg. 1993;128(10):1153-1157.
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87. Choban P, Lu B, Flancbaum L. Insurance decisions about obesity surgery: a new type of randomization? Obes Surg. 2000;10(6):553-556.
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89. Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obes Res. 1998;6(2):97-106.
90. Miller M. Feeding our diet obsession - Weight-loss fads fuel a high-stakes industry in which profits seem to be growing ever fatter. LA Times. May 5, 2003. http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-diet5may05,1,6438673.story?coll=la%2Dheadlines%2Dhealth.
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92. Duenwald M. An 'Eat More' Message for a Fattened America. New York Times. February 19, 2002.
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94. National Weight Control Registry. University of Colorado Center for Human Nutrition. Available at: http://www.uchsc.edu/nutrition/nwcr.htm. Accessed February 2, 2003.
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99. Hauri P, Horber FF. Is bariatric surgery worth its costs? Obes Surg. 1999;9(5):480-483.
100. Martin LF, White S. Cost-benefit analysis for the treatment of severe obesity. World J Surg. 1998;22(9):1008-1017.
101. Quesenberry CP, Jr., Caan B. Obesity, health services use, and health care costs among members of a health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(5):466-472.
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104. Phentermine. Drugstore.com. Access date: April 11, 2003. http://www.drugstore.com/pharmacy/prices/drugprice.asp?ndc=00185064401&trx=1Z5006. Accessed April 15, 2003.
105. Phentermine Price. Corner pill store. Access date: April 17, 2003 http://www.cornerpillstore.com/phentermine.htm.
106. Adipex Appetite Suppressant Capsules. Pill Drugstore. Access date: April 15, 2003 http://www.pilldrugstore.com/msn/adipex.html. Accessed April 15, 2003.
107. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Obesity. N Engl J Med. February 21, 2002 2002;346(8):591-602.
108. Bontril (phendimetrazine). Drugstore.com. Access date: April 15, 2003. http://www.drugstore.com/pharmacy/prices/drugprice.asp?ndc=00086004810&trx=1Z5006. Accessed April 15, 2003.
109. Bontril Price. Corner pill store. Access date: April 17, 2003 http://www.cornerpillstore.com/bontril.htm.
110. Phendimetrazine Price. Corner pill store. Access date: April 17, 2003 http://www.cornerpillstore.com/phendimethrazine.htm.
111. Didrex Price. Corner pill store. Access date: April 17, 2003 http://www.cornerpillstore.com/didrex.htm.
112. Tenuate Price. Corner pill store. Access date: April 17, 2003 http://www.cornerpillstore.com/tenuate.htm.
113. Tenuate Price at Pill Drug Store. Pill Drug Store. Access date: April 17, 2003 http://www.pilldrugstore.com/hamlet/tenuate.html.
114. Diethylproprion Price. Corner pill store. Access date: April 17, 2003 http://www.cornerpillstore.com/diethylproprion.htm.
115. Diethylproprion Price at Pill Store. Pill store. Access date: April 17, 2003 https://secure.pillstore.com/cgi-bin/v2.0/productpage.pl?ProductName=Tenuate.
116. Xenical Price at Corner pill store. Corner pill store. Access date: April 17, 2003 http://www.cornerpillstore.com/xenical.htm.
117. Xenical (sibutramine) at Drugstore.com. Drugstore.com. Access date: April 15, 2003. http://www.drugstore.com/pharmacy/prices/drugprice.asp?ndc=00004025652. Accessed April 15, 2003.
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121. Zonegran at Drugstore.com. Drugstore.com. Access date: April 15, 2003. http://www.drugstore.com/pharmacy/prices/drugprice.asp?ndc=59075068010. Accessed April 15, 2003.
122. Topamax. Drugstore.com. Access date: April 15, 2003. http://www.drugstore.com/pharmacy/prices/drugprice.asp?ndc=00045064265&trx=1Z5006. Accessed April 15, 2003.
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Chapter 5
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4. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Comparison of Intensive and Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes. N Engl J Med. March 8, 2004 2004:NEJMoa040583.
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6. National Cholesterol Education Program Issues Major New Cholesterol Guidelines. National Institutes of Health - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
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12. Beresford SAA, Johnson KC, Ritenbaugh C, et al. Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial 10.1001/jama.295.6.643. JAMA. February 8, 2006;295(6):643-654.
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29. Bradford RH, Shear CL, Chremos AN, et al. Expanded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin (EXCEL) study results: two-year efficacy and safety follow-up. American Journal of Cardiology. 1994;74(7):667-673.
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Chapter 6
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1. Nutrition & Recipes. American Diabetes Association. Available
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2. Nutrition
recommendations and principles for people with diabetes mellitus. American
Diabetes Association. Journal of the
Florida Medical Association. 1998;85(2):25-29.
3. Nutrition
recommendations and principles for people with diabetes mellitus. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994;94(5):504-506.
4. Foster
DW. Diabetes Mellitus. Vol 1. 12th
ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc; 1991.
5. Diabetes
Statistics. American Diabetes Association.
Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-statistics.jsp.
Accessed March 2, 2006.
6. Screening
for Diabetes. Position Statement: American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:S21-S24.
7. What
is Pre-diabetes? American Diabetes
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8. Kleinfield
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homepage&pagewanted = all. January 9, 2006.
9. Diabetic
retinopathy. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. Healthcare Financing Review. 1998;21(1):157-159.
10. Eggers
PW. Medicare's End Stage Renal Disease Program. Healthcare Financing Review. 2000;22(1):55-59.
11. Smith
C, Cowan C, Heffler S, Catlin A, the National Health Accounts Team. National
Health Spending In 2004: Recent Slowdown Led By Prescription Drug Spending. Health Aff. January 1,
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12. Urbina
I. In the Treatment of Diabetes, Success Often Does Not Pay. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/11/nyregion/nyregionspecial5/11diabetes.html?hp&ex
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13. Cornfield
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14. Schor
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15. Ornish
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17. Intensive
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on progression of early diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy: the
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21. Hanssen
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22. Holman
RR, Dorman TL, Mazon-White V. Prevention of deterioration of renal and
sensory-nerve function by more intensive management of insulin-dependent
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23. Lauritzen
T, Frost-Larsen K, Larsen HW, Keckert T. Effect of one-year near normal blood
glucose levels on retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetics. The Lancet. 1983;1:200-204.
24. Blood
glucose control and the evolution of diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria: a
preliminary multicenter trial. New Eng.
J. Med. 1984;311:365-372.
25. The
effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of
long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-986.
26. Hypoglycemia
in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes. 1997;46(2):271-286.
27. Wang
PH, Lau J, Chalmers TC. Meta-analysis of effects of intensive blood-glucose
control on late complications of type I diabetes. The Lancet. 1993;341(8856):1306-1309.
28. Weight
gain associated with intensive therapy in the diabetes control and
complications trial. Diabetes Care. 1988;11(7):567-573.
29. Lifetime
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30. Angell
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31. Bates
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32. Herman
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33. Study
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34. The
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long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
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35. National
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36. National
Health Expenditures and Selected Economic Indicators, Levels and Average Annual
Percent Change: Selected Calendar Years 1990-2013. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Office of the Actuary.
Available at: http://new.cms.hhs.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/nhetables.pdf.
Chapter 8
1. Results from USDA’s 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and 1994-96 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,. February 1999. Available at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/Csfii3yr.PDF. Accessed April 3, 2006.
2. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. NHANES 2001-2002 Data Files - Data, Docs, Codebooks, SAS Code. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. March 2005. Available at: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/wweia.html. Accessed March 22, 2005.
3. Liebman B. DASH-A diet for all diseases. Nutrition Action-Center for Science in the Public Interest; October 1997 — U.S. Edition:http://www.cspinet.org/nah/dash2.htm.
4. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin J-L, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean Diet, Traditional Risk Factors, and the Rate of Cardiovascular Complications After Myocardial Infarction : Final Report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation. February 16, 1999;99(6):779-785. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/799/776/779?maxtoshow = &HITS = 710&hits = 710&RESULTFORMAT = &fulltext = Mediterranean+Diet%772C+Traditional+Risk+Factors%772C+and+the+Rate+&searchid = 771&FIRSTINDEX = 770&resourcetype = HWCIT.
5. Interactive Healthy Eating Index of USDA. U.S. Department of Agriculture's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Available at: http://www.mypyramidtracker.gov/. Accessed March 18, 2006.
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7. Willett W. Eat, Drink, And Be Healthy--The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. NY: Simon & Schuster; 2001.
8. Gaziano JM, Gaziano TA, Glynn RJ, et al. Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in the Physicians' Health Study enrollment cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(1):96-105.
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10. Fillmore KM, Kerr WC, Stockwell T, Chikritzhs T, Bostrom A. Moderate alcohol use and reduced mortality risk: Systematic error in prospective studies. Addiction Research and Theory. March 30, 2006: http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/(5muyzwno53mvfw4523dspfu4525)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer = parent&backto = searcharticlesresults,4521,4521;.
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12. Castelli WP, Doyle JT, Gordon T, et al. Alcohol and blood lipids. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study. Lancet. 1977;2(8030):153-155.
13. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al. Estrogen plus Progestin and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(6):523-534.
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17. Magis D, Geronooz I, Scheen AJ. Smoking, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Rev Med Liege. 2002;57(9):575-581.
18. Cundiff DK. Diet and tobacco use: analysis of data from the diabetic control and complications trial, a randomized study. Medscape General Medicine. January 11, 2002;4(1):http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/414943.
19. Tomeo CA, Field AE, Berkey CS, Colditz GA, Frazier AL. Weight concerns, weight control behaviors, and smoking initiation. Pediatrics. 1999;104(4 Pt 1):918-924.
20. Roberts CK, Vaziri ND, Barnard RJ. Effect of diet and exercise intervention on blood pressure, insulin, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide availability. Circulation. 2002;106(20):2530-2532.
21. Rich-Edwards JW, Spiegelman D, Garland M, et al. Physical activity, body mass index, and ovulatory disorder infertility. Epidemiology. 2002;13(2):184-190.
22. Wing RR, Epstein LH, Paternostro-Bayles M, Kriska A, Nowalk MP, Gooding W. Exercise in a behavioural weight control programme for obese patients with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 1988;31:902-909.
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24. Hitti M. Obesity Tied to Lack of Sleep, Say Researchers. WebMD Medical News. November 16, 2004.
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Chapter 15
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Chapter 16
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4. Harris G. New Drugs Hit the Market, but Promised Trials Go Undone. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/04/national/04drug.html?_r = 1&oref = slogin. March 4, 2006.
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16. FDA Approves New Type of Drug for Lung Cancer. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2003/NEW00901.html.; May 5, 2003.
17. AstraZeneca Withdraws Drug Application. THE ASSOCIATED PRESS. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/business/AP-Britain-AstraZeneca.html. January 4, 2005, 2005.
18. Barbehenn E, Lurie P, Wolfe SM. Petition to the FDA to add a black box warning to the label of the cancer drug IRESSA (HRG Publication #1667). https://www.citizen.org/publications/release.cfm?ID = 7246. Washington, DC: Public Citizen Health Research Group; 2003.
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21. Miller AB, To T, Baines CJ, Wall C. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study-1: breast cancer mortality after 11 to 16 years of follow-up. A randomized screening trial of mammography in women age 40 to 49 years. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:305-312.
22. The International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group. Cisplatin-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Completely Resected Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. January 22, 2004 2004;350(4):351-360.
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29. Twelves C, Boyer M, Findlay M, et al. Capecitabine (Xeloda) improves medical resource use compared with 5-fluorouracil plus leucovorin in a phase III trial conducted in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(5):597-604.
30. Hoff PM, Ansari R, Batist G, et al. Comparison of oral capecitabine versus intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin as first-line treatment in 605 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(8):2282-2292.
31. Van Cutsem E, Twelves C, Cassidy J, et al. Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(21):4097-4106.
32. Rougier P, Lepille D, Bennouna J, et al. Antitumour activity of three second-line treatment combinations in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after optimal 5-FU regimen failure: a randomised, multicentre phase II study. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(10):1558-1567.
33. Zori, Comba A, Blajman C, et al. A randomised phase II study of oxaliplatin alone versus oxaliplatin combined with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid (Mayo Clinic regimen) in previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37(8):1006-1013.
34. Kabbinavar F, Hurwitz HI, Fehrenbacher L, et al. Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(1):60-65.
35. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus Irinotecan, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med. June 3, 2004 2004;350(23):2335-2342.
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39. Ornstein C, Bernstein S. Spiraling Medicaid Costs Putting States in a Bind. LA Times. November 24, 2001: http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/.
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51. Antonadou D, Paraskevaidis M, Sarris G, et al. Phase II randomized trial of temozolomide and concurrent radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(17):3644-3650.
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Chapter 17
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4. Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, Lucas FL, Pinder EL. The implications of regional variations in medicare spending. Part 2: health outcomes and satisfaction with care. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(4):288-298.
5. Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, Lucas FL, Pinder EL. The implications of regional variations in medicare spending. Part 1: the content, quality, and accessibility of care. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(4):273-287.
6. Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C, et al. Health Spending Projections Through 2015: Changes On The Horizon. Health Affairs. March 1, 2006;25(2):hlthaff.25.w61-w73.
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Chapter 18
1. Costello D. When drugs are used off-label. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-offlabel7jun07,1,2968921.story?coll = la-home-health. June 7, 2004.
2. Harris G. Drug Makers Scrutinized Over Grants. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/11/business/11grant.html. January 11, 2006.
3. Grady D. A Therapy Fell Out of Favor, but Didn't Stop Saving Lives. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/17/health/17ovar.html?fta = y&pagewanted = all. January 17, 2006.
4. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press. September 1, 1999. Available at: http://www.iom.edu/iom/iomhome.nsf/WFiles/ToErr-8pager/$file/ToErr-8pager.pdf. Accessed May 3, 2004.
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7. Pollack A. Talking Up a Drug for This (and That). New York Times. April 27, 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/27/business/yourmoney/27DRUG.html?pagewanted = all&position = .
8. Ziesche R, Hofbauer E, Wittmann K, Petkov V, Block L-H. A Preliminary Study of Long-Term Treatment with Interferon Gamma-1b and Low-Dose Prednisolone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1264-1269.
9. Raghu G, Brown KK, Bradford WZ. A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Interferon Gamma-1b in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. January 8, 2004;350(2):125-133.
10. Liptak A. Free Prozac in the Junk Mail Draws a Lawsuit. New York Times. July 6, 2002. http://query.nytimes.com/search/advanced/. July 6, 2002.
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12. O'Connor A. Wakefulness Finds a Powerful Ally. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/29/health/29wake.html?pagewanted = all&position = . June 29, 2004.
13. Boethel CD. Sleep and the endocrine system: new associations to old diseases. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2002;8(6):502-505.
14. Gangwisch JE, Malaspina D, Boden-Albala B, Heymsfield SB. Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity: analyses of the NHANES I. Sleep. Oct. 1, 2005;28(10):1289-1296.
15. Hitti M. Obesity Tied to Lack of Sleep, Say Researchers. WebMD Medical News. November 16, 2004.
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17. Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet. 1999;354(9188):1435-1439.
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20. Thomas DA, Kantarjian HM. Current role of thalidomide in cancer treatment. Curr Opin Oncol. 2000;12(6):564-573.
21. Harris G. Petition Seeks Warning on Anticancer Medication. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/04/health/04drug.html. May 4, 2005.
22. Heffler S, Smith S, Keehan S, Borger C, Clemens MK, Truffer C. Trends: U.S. Health Spending Projections For 2004-2014. Health Aff. 2005;24(1):185-194 http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/hlthaff.w185.174v181.
Chapter 19
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12. Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C, et al. Health Spending Projections Through 2015: Changes On The Horizon. Health Affairs. March 1, 2006;25(2):hlthaff.25.w61-w73.
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17. Grady D. Alzheimer's Drug Provides 'Little Overall Benefit,' Researchers Say. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/24/health/24CND-ALZH.html. June 24, 2004.
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19. Ellis JM. Cholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Dementia. J Am Osteopath Assoc. March 1, 2005;105(3):145-158.
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21. Sirovich BE, Welch HG. Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women Without a Cervix. JAMA. June 23, 2004 2004;291(24):2990-2993.
22. Kolata G. 10 Million Women Who Lack Cervix Get Pap Tests. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/23/health/23PAP.final.html?hp. June 23, 2004.
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27. National Drug Control Strategy-FY 2005 Budget Summary. Office of National Drug Control Policy. March 2004. Available at: http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/policy/budgetsum04/index.html. Accessed July 28, 2004.
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30. Mukherjee D, Nissen SE, Topol EJ. Risk of Cardiovascular Events Associated With Selective COX-2 Inhibitors. JAMA. August 22, 2001;286(8):954-959.
31. Topol EJ. Failing the Public Health -- Rofecoxib, Merck, and the FDA. N Engl J Med. October 6, 2004 2004:NEJMp048286.
32. Topol EJ, Falk EW. A Coxib a Day Won't Keep the Doctor Away. Lancet. 2004;364:639-640.
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Chapter 20
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Chapter 21
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38. Aaron HJ. The Costs of Health Care Administration in the United States and Canada -- Questionable Answers to a Questionable Question. N Engl J Med. August 21, 2003 2003;349(8):801-803.
39. Woolhandler S, Campbell T, Himmelstein DU. Costs of Health Care Administration in the United States and Canada. N Engl J Med. August 21, 2003 2003;349(8):768-775.
40. Historical Tables -- Budget of the United States Government. Executive Office of the President of the United States. Office of Management and Budget. U.S. Government Printing Office. Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2003/index.html. Accessed May 24, 2004.
41. Proposal of the Physicians' Working Group for Single-Payer National Health Insurance. JAMA. 2003;290(6):798-805.
42. Korcok M. Medicare, Medicaid fraud a billion-dollar art form in the U.S.. CMAJ. April 15, 1997 1997;156(8):1195-1197.
43. Health Care Fraud-- A serious and costly reality for all Americans. National Health Care Anti-Fraud Association (NHCAA). 2002. Available at: http://www.nhcaa.org/pdf/all_about_hcf.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2004.
44. MediCaid -- State Efforts to Control Improper Payments Vary. United States General Accounting Office. Available at: http://cms.hhs.gov/states/fraud/gao01662.pdf. Accessed June 2, 2003.
45. Eichenwald K. U.S. May Stop Reimbursing Tenet Hospital. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/05/business/05CARE.html. September 5, 2003.
46. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press. September 1, 1999. Available at: http://www.iom.edu/iom/iomhome.nsf/WFiles/ToErr-8pager/$file/ToErr-8pager.pdf. Accessed May 3, 2004.
47. Zhan C, Miller MR. Excess Length of Stay, Charges, and Mortality Attributable to Medical Injuries During Hospitalization. JAMA. October 8, 2003 2003;290(14):1868-1874.
48. Med Complications May Cost $9B Per Year. New York Times (AP). http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/national/AP-Costly-Complications.html. October 7, 2003.
49. Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations. Institute of Medicine of The National Academy of Sciences Project: Consequences of Uninsurance. January 14, 2004. Available at: http://www.iom.edu/report.asp?id=17632. Accessed May 3, 2004.
50. Hidden Costs, Value Lost: Uninsurance in America. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies; June 17, 2003.
51. Stein R. For Americans, Getting Sick Has Its Price - Survey Says U.S. Patients Pay More, Get Less Than Those in Other Western Nations. Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301143.html. November 4, 2005.
52. Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, Lucas FL, Pinder EL. The implications of regional variations in medicare spending. Part 2: health outcomes and satisfaction with care. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(4):288-298.
53. Fisher ES, Wennberg DE, Stukel TA, Gottlieb DJ, Lucas FL, Pinder EL. The implications of regional variations in medicare spending. Part 1: the content, quality, and accessibility of care. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(4):273-287.
54. Medicare Program Information. Centers for Medicare and MediCaid Services. Available at: http://cms.hhs.gov/charts/series/sec3%2Db5.pdf, 2002.
55. Abelson R. How Schering Manipulated Drug Prices and Medicaid. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/31/business/31drug.html. July 31, 2004.
56. Pear R. Investigators Say Drug Makers Repeatedly Overcharged. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/30/politics/30drug.html. June 30, 2004.
57. McKeon E. Washington Watch - What Could the Nurse Reinvestment Act Mean for You? American Journal of Nursing. December, 2002;102(12).
58. Pear R. Rules to Expose Long-Term Cost of Health Plans. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/21/health/21HEAL.html?pagewanted=all&position=. June 21, 2004.
59. Employer Health Benefits-2003 Summary of Findings. Kaiser Family Foundation. Available at: http://www.kff.org/insurance/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=20688. Accessed July 4, 2004.
60. Peterson J. Study: Grim Retirement Awaits Many - Workers are not saving enough to counter cuts in pension and Social Security, researchers say. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-retire7jun07,0,4348386.story?coll=la-home-business. June 7, 2006.
61. Costello D. Not a future they expected. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-retirees18oct18,1,500408.story?coll=la-home-health. October 18, 2004.
62. Halper E. Benefits Tab Seen as Major Fiscal Drag - Healthcare promised to retirees could create a crisis unless the state finds a way to pay for it, a new report says. It urges a reserve fund. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-me-benefits18feb18,0,5651028.story?coll=la-home-business. February 18, 2006.
63. Greenhouse L. Justices Limit Ability to Sue Health Plans. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/22/politics/22CARE.html?pagewanted=all&position=. June 22, 2004.
64. VandeWater PN. Cost Estimate - H.R. 3605/S. 1890: Patients' Bill of Rights Act of 1998. Congressional Budget Office. July 16, 1998. Available at: http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=667&sequence=0. Accessed September 6, 2006.
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66. Workers Compensation- THE TOPIC. Insurance Information Institute, Inc. JULY 2004. Available at: http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/workerscomp/. Accessed October 15, 2004.
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68. Pader E, Bergen N. Letter to the Editor re The High Cost of Worker's Compensation. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:195-197.
69. Dickerson M, Vogel N, Vrana D. Savings of Work Injury Reform Bill in Question. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-workcomp11sep11,1,2890481.story?coll=la-home-headlines. September 11, 2003.
70. EDITORIAL - Reality on Workers' Comp. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-ed-comp23feb23,1,6354690.story. February 23, 2004.
71. Lifsher M. Workers' Comp Cuts Are Pushed - If insurers follow Garamendi's suggestion, rates would be half of those three years ago. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-comp1jun01,0,3557234.story?coll=la-home-business. June 1, 2006.
72. Dickerson M, Vogel N. Accord Reached on Work Injuries. LA Times. September 10, 2003.
73. Lifsher M. Workers' Comp Changes Hurting Treatment, Medical Study Finds - Insurance carriers are interfering with cases by denying or underpaying claims, doctors contend. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-comp1nov01,0,4867960.story?coll=la-home-business. November 1, 2005.
74. Lifsher M. Workers' Comp to Be Revisited. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-comp3jan03,0,7231835.story?coll=la-home-business. January 3, 2006.
75. Gosselin PG. THE NEW DEAL - The Safety Net She Believed In Was Pulled Away When She Fell. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-na-disability21aug21,0,4635891.story?coll=la-home-headlines. August 21, 2005.
Chapter 22
1. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century: The Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences; March 1, 2001 March 1, 2001.
2. Gingrich N, Kennedy P. Operating in a Vacuum. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/03/opinion/03GING.html. May 3, 2004, May 3, 2004.
3. Walker J, Pan E, Johnston D, Adler-Milstein J, Bates DW, Middleton B. The Value Of Health Care Information Exchange And Interoperability. Health Aff. January 19, 2005 2005:hlthaff.w5.10.
4. Goozner M. Why Computerize Your Medical Records? AARP Bulletin. Vol 46:24.
5. Basch P. Electronic Health Records and the National Health Information Network: Affordable, Adoptable, and Ready for Prime Time? Ann Intern Med. August 2, 2005 2005;143(3):227-228.
6. Freudenheim M. Many Hospitals Resist Computerized Patient Care. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/06/technology/06errors.html?pagewanted = all&position = . April 6, 2004.
7. Gaul GM. Revamped Veteran's Health Care Now a Model. Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/21/AR2005082101073.html. August 25, 2005. Accessed September 6, 2005.
8. Health Care's Big Spender Trails in Adopting Health IT. Commonwealth Fund. MAY 12, 2006. Available at: http://www.cmwf.org/healthpolicyweek/healthpolicyweek_show.htm?doc_id = 372989#doc372990. Accessed May 18, 2006.
9. G. F. Anderson, Frogner BK, Johns RA, Reinhardt UE. Health Care Spending and Use of Information Technology in OECD Countries. Health Affairs. May/June 2006;25(3):819-831.
10. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. March 10, 2004;291(10):1238-1245.
11. The global burden of disease and injury series: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Published by the Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and the World Bank. Vol 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1996.
12. Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C, et al. Health Spending Projections Through 2015: Changes On The Horizon. Health Affairs. March 1, 2006;25(2):hlthaff.25.w61-w73.
13. Thomas DL, Astemborski J, Rai RM, et al. The Natural History of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Host, Viral, and Environmental Factors. JAMA. July 26, 2000 2000;284(4):450-456.
14. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. National Institute of Mental Health. 1999. Available at: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/toc.html#chapter2. Accessed October 5, 2004.
15. Goode E. Antidepressants Lift Clouds, but Lose 'Miracle Drug' Label. New York Times. June 30, 2002. http://query.nytimes.com/search/advanced/.
16. Moore TJ. No prescription for happiness--Could it be that antidepressants do little more than placebos. Boston Globe. October 19, 1999.
17. Moore TJ. Briefing on Drugs for Depression. Available at: http://www.thomasjmoore.com/pages/depress.shtml. Accessed January 14, 2003.
18. Harris G. Regulators Want Antidepressants to List Warning. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/23/health/23DEPR.html?pagewanted = all&position = . March 23, 2004.
19. Goode E. Stronger Warning Urged on Antidepressants for Teenagers. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/03/health/03DEPR.html. February 3, 2004.
20. MindFreedom. MindFreedom Support Coalition International. Available at: http://mindfreedom.org/about.shtml. Accessed April 28, 2006.
21. Bola JR. Medication-Free Research in Early Episode Schizophrenia: Evidence of Long-Term Harm? 10.1093/schbul/sbj019. Schizophr Bull. April 1, 2006 2006;32(2):288-296.
22. Carey B. Revisiting Schizophrenia: Are Drugs Always Needed? NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/21/health/psychology/21schiz.html?_r = 1&oref = slogin&pagewanted = all. March 21, 2006.
23. Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Mokdad A, Denny C, Serdula MK, Marks JS. Binge drinking among U.S. adults. JAMA. 2003;289(1):70-75.
24. Ornstein C, Krikorian M. Care Home Problems Blamed on Staffing--The poor quality of California's nursing homes is due to a lack of aides, a report says. LA Times. October 17, 2002. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/. October 17, 2002.
25. Georgetown University Long-Term Care Financing Project. Georgetown University Health Policy Institute. Available at: http://ltc.georgetown.edu/. Accessed September 1, 2005.
26. LaPlante MP, Harrington C, Kang T. Estimating paid and unpaid hours of personal assistance services in activities of daily living provided to adults living at home. Health Serv Res. 2002;37(2):397-415.
27. Cash and Counselling Moves into the Mainstream. Alliance for Health Reform. April 2006. Available at: http://www.allhealth.org/recent/issue_briefs/Cash%20and%20Counseling.pdf. Accessed April 28, 2006.
28. McNeil DG. For Those Who Snore Heavily, Implants May Help. NY Times. November 22, 2005.
29. McBryde-Johnson H. The Disability Gulag. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/23/magazine/23DISABILITY.html?pagewanted = all&position = . November 23, 2003.
30. Ongley MJ, Klein RG, Dorman TA, Eek BC, Hubert LJ. A new approach to the treatment of chronic low back pain. Lancet. 143-6 1987(2):8551.
31. Reeves KD, Hassanein K. Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled double-blind study of dextrose prolotherapy for osteoarthritic thumb and finger (DIP, PIP, and trapeziometacarpal) joints: evidence of clinical efficacy. J Altern Complement Med. 2000;6(4):311-320.
32. Reeves KD, Hassanein K. Randomized prospective double-blind placebo-controlled study of dextrose prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis with or without ACL laxity. Altern Ther Health Med. 2000;6(2):68-74.
33. Gould KL, Ornish D, Scherwitz L, et al. Changes in myocardial perfusion abnormalities by positron emission tomography after long-term, intense risk factor modification. JAMA. 1995;274(11):894-901.
34. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet. 1990;336(8708):129-133.
35. Beckman M. One drug, two takes - Scientists and patients scoff at an FDA announcement that smoking marijuana has no medical benefits. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/features/health/la-he-marijuana1may01,0,3721003,full.story?coll = la-home-health. May 1, 2006.
36. Harris G. F.D.A. Dismisses Medical Benefit From Marijuana. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/21/health/21marijuana.html?_r = 1&ei = 5094&en = 8e9d2dc5bc070645&hp = &ex = 1145592000&adxnnl = 1&oref = slogin&partner = homepage&adxnnlx = 1145592105-lDnkTMe8BBaI/7IO+NZXBA. April 21, 2006.
37. Bekelman JE, Li Y, Gross GP. Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research. A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2003;289:454-465.
38. Moses H, III, Dorsey ER, Matheson DHM, Thier SO. Financial Anatomy of Biomedical Research. JAMA. September 21, 2005;294(11):1333-1342.
39. Frieden TR, Das-Douglas M, Kellerman SE, Henning KJ. Applying Public Health Principles to the HIV Epidemic. N Engl J Med. December 1, 2005;353(22):2397-2402. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/2353/2322/2397.
40. Holtgrave DR, Curran JW. What works, and what remains to be done, in HIV prevention in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health. March 17, 2006;27.
41. $22 Billion needed in 2008 to Reverse Spread of AIDS. Medical News Today. June 23, 2005. Available at: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid = 26492. Accessed May 1, 2006.
42. Piot P. Getting Ahead of AIDS: The Long-Term Agenda - Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. UNAIDS. March 9, 2006. Available at: http://www.wilsoncenter.org/events/docs/Piotspeech.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2006.
43. U.N.: HIV Cases Hit Record High in 2003. Associated Press. July 6, 2004.
44. McNeil DG. Plan to Battle AIDS Worldwide Is Falling Short. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/28/international/28AIDS.html?pagewanted = all&position = . March 28, 2004.
45. Bush Administration's Global HIV/AIDS Policies Are Undermining Fight Against Pandemic, Opinion Piece Says. Kaiser Family Foundation. October 19, 2005. Available at: http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID = 33184.
46. Tavrow P. Undermining the AIDS fight. Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/oped/bal-op.aids18oct18,1,1295994.story?ctrack = 1&cset = true. October 18, 2005.
Chapter 23
1. From testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, Re: Oversight Hearing on Healthcare Litigation Reform: Does Limitless Litigation Restrict Access to Healthcare? Presented by Donald Palmisano, MD, JD. U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law. Washington, DC: American Medical Association; June 12, 2002.
2. Stein R. For Americans, Getting Sick Has Its Price - Survey Says U.S. Patients Pay More, Get Less Than Those in Other Western Nations. Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/03/AR2005110301143.html. November 4, 2005.
3. Think Malpractice is Driving up Health Care Costs? Think again. Americans for Insurance Reform. A project of the Center for Justice and Democracy. Available at: http://www.insurance-reform.org/pr/AIRhealthcosts.pdf. Accessed Dec. 22, 2003.
4. Court J, Smith F. Making a Killing - HMOs and the Threat to Your Health. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press; 2000.
5. Rodenhuis S, Bontenbal M, Beex LVAM, et al. High-Dose Chemotherapy with Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Rescue for High-Risk Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. July 3, 2003 2003;349(1):7-16.
6. Stadtmauer EA, O'Neill A, Goldstein LJ, et al. Conventional-Dose Chemotherapy Compared with High-Dose Chemotherapy plus Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Metastatic Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. April 13, 2000 2000;342(15):1069-1076.
7. Tallman MS, Gray R, Robert NJ, et al. Conventional Adjuvant Chemotherapy with or without High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in High-Risk Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. July 3, 2003 2003;349(1):17-26.
8. Schulman KA, Stadtmauer EA, Reed SD, et al. Economic analysis of conventional-dose chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy plus autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31(3):205-210.
9. Stolberg SG. Lobbyists on Both Sides Duel in the Medical Malpractice Debate. New York Times. March 12, 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/12/politics/12MED.html?pagewanted = all&position = top. March 12, 2003.
10. Girion L. Justice Denied? LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-malpractice1aug01,1,6927431.story?coll = la-home-business. August 1, 2004.
11. Medical Malpractice Insurance Reform Resource Page - Insurance Industry Reform, Not Liability Limits, Lowered and Stabilized Insurance Rates in California. The Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights. Available at: http://www.consumerwatchdog.org/healthcare/medmal.php. Accessed July 21, 2004.
12. Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C, et al. Health Spending Projections Through 2015: Changes On The Horizon. Health Affairs. February 22, 2006:hlthaff.25.w61.
13. Newsroom Facts and Figures. Institute for Legal Reform. Available at: http://www.instituteforlegalreform.org/newsroom/index.php?p = factsfigures. Accessed April 21, 2007.
14. Kravitz RL, Rolph JE, Petersen L. Omission-related malpractice claims and the limits of defensive medicine. Medical Care Research and Review. December 1997. http://www.ahrq.gov/research/mar98/ra3.htm;54(4):456-471.
15. Medical Liability Reform Fast Facts. American Medical Association. Mar 03, 2003. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/article/6282-7342.html. Accessed June 4, 2004.
16. HHS WEEKLY REPORT. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 19-25 January 2003. Available at: http://hhs.gov/news/newsletter/weekly/archive/19jan03.htm#1. Accessed June 5, 2004.
17. FIRST DO NO HARM: A CONSUMER RESPONSE TO THE MEDICAL LOBBY'S CAMPAIGN TO LIMIT THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF INJURED PATIENTS - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. The Center for Medical Consumers and The New York Public Interest Research Group. Available at: http://www.medicalconsumers.org/pages/FIRST%20DO%20NO%20HARM.pdf. Accessed June 5, 2004.
18. Defensive Medicine and Medical Malpractice. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Policy Office: U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment; July 1994.
19. Brennan T, Leape L, Laird N, et al. Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I. N Engl J Med. February 7, 1991 1991;324(6):370-376.
20. Leape L, Brennan T, Laird N, et al. The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II. N Engl J Med. February 7, 1991 1991;324(6):377-384.
21. Thomas EJ, Studdert DM, Newhouse JP, et al. Costs of medical injuries in Utah and Colorado. Inquiry. 1999;36(3):255-264.
22. Thomas EJ, Studdert DM, Burstin HR, et al. Incidence and types of adverse events and negligent care in Utah and Colorado. Med Care. 2000;38(3):261-271.
23. Shapiro D. Beyond the Blame: A No-Fault Approach to Malpractice. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/23/health/policy/23ESSA.html?pagewanted = all&position = . September 28, 2003.
24. HCUPnet, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Rockville , MD. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/hcupnet/. Accessed May 26, 2004.
25. Quick Facts on Medical Malpractice Issues - Costs of Medical Negligence to Patients. Public Citizen Health Research Group. Available at: http://www.citizen.org/congress/civjus/medmal/articles.cfm?ID = 9125. Accessed April 21, 2006.
26. Rosenwasser RL, Ross G. Law and Medicine - The Medical Malpractice Crisis: Tip of the "Litigation, Inc." Iceberg. Medscape General Medicine. October 12, 2004;6(4).
27. Viscusi WK. Why there is no defense of punitive damages. Georgetown Law Journal. November 1998.
28. Greenspan Expressed Concern Over Worsening U.S. Budget Deficit. ASSOCIATED PRESS. December 2, 2005.
29. Feder BJ. Surgical Device Poses a Rare but Serious Peril - EncisionA burn (circled) from an insulation failure on an electrical instrument. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/17/business/17spark.html?pagewanted = all. March 17, 2006.
30. Berenson A. Jury Finds Merck Liable in Vioxx Death and Awards $253 Million. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/19/business/19WIRE-VIOXX.html?hp&ex = 1124510400&en = af023750cecde6fa&ei = 5094&partner = homepage. August 19, 2005.
31. Berenson A. In the Money, and in Court. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/22/business/22plaintiffs.html?pagewanted = all. April 22, 2006.
32. Creswell J. Testing for Silicosis Comes Under Scrutiny in Congress. NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/08/business/08silica.html. March 8, 2006.
33. Levin M, Miller AC. Industries Get Quiet Protection From Lawsuits - Federal agencies are using arcane regulations and legal opinions to shield automakers and others from challenges by consumers and states. LA Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/la-na-preempt19feb19,0,930560,full.story. February 19, 2006.
Chapter 24
1. CBS News / New York Times Poll, February 24-February 28, 2005 and based on telephone interviews with a national adult sample of 1,111. Data provided by The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut. Available at: http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/cgi-bin/hsrun.exe/Roperweb/HPOLL/StateId/Ci0zIIaQ5tC1pkI5c1jJmaB01cRvI-Vd_n/HAHTpage/Summary_Link?qstn_id = 1617373. Accessed December 26, 2005.
2. Proposal of the Physicians' Working Group for Single-Payer National Health Insurance. JAMA. 2003;290(6):798-805.
3. Reforming the U.S. Health Care System - Policy Backgrounder 149. National Center for Policy Analysis. April 26, 1999. Accessed September 6, 2005.
4. Emanuel EJ, Fuchs VR. Solved! - It covers everyone. It cuts costs. It can get through Congress. Why Universal Health Care Vouchers is the next big idea. Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0506.emanuel.html.
5. Kendall D. Fixing America's Health Care System - A Progressive Plan to Cover Everyone and Restrain Costs. Progressive Policy Institute. September 22, 2005. Available at: http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID = 111&subsecid = 138&contentid = 253538. Accessed October 14, 2005.
6. Clinton HR. Now Can We Talk About Health Care? New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/18/magazine/18POLICY.html?pagewanted = all&position = . April 18, 2004.
7. Gingrich N, Pavey D, Woodbury A. Saving Lives & Saving Money. Atlanta, GA: Gingrich Communications, Inc.; 2003.
8. McGlynn EA, Asch SM, Adams J, et al. The Quality of Health Care Delivered to Adults in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(26):2635-2645. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/2348/2626/2635?ijkey = fKqZNkwy2639x/2632I&keytype = ref&siteid = nejm.
9. Borger C, Smith S, Truffer C, et al. Health Spending Projections Through 2015: Changes On The Horizon. Health Affairs. March 1, 2006;25(2):hlthaff.25.w61-w73.
10. Hidden Costs, Value Lost: Uninsurance in America. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies; June 17, 2003.
11. Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations. Institute of Medicine of The National Academy of Sciences Project: Consequences of Uninsurance. January 14, 2004. Available at: http://www.iom.edu/report.asp?id = 17632. Accessed May 3, 2004.
12. Gilmer T, Kronick R. It's The Premiums, Stupid: Projections Of The Uninsured Through 2013. 10.1377/hlthaff.w5.143. Health Aff. April 5, 2005:hlthaff.w5.143.
13. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. National Institute of Mental Health. 1999. Available at: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/toc.html#chapter2. Accessed October 5, 2004.
14. The global burden of disease and injury series: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Published by the Harvard School of Public Health on behalf of the World Health Organization and the World Bank. Vol 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1996.
15. National Drug Control Strategy-FY 2005 Budget Summary. Office of National Drug Control Policy. March 2004. Available at: http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/policy/budgetsum04/index.html. Accessed July 28, 200